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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ichthyosporea</span></h1>
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<table cellpadding="2" class="float-right taxobox infobox" id="Vorlage_Taxobox" style="width:300px;margin-top:0.5em;" summary="Taxobox">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Ichthyosporea
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td class="taxo-bild" style="font-size:smaller;">
<p><i><a href="Sphaeroforma_arctica" title="Sphaeroforma arctica">Sphaeroforma arctica</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Systematik_(Biologie)" title="Systematik (Biologie)">Systematik</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table class="toptextcells" style="width:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td><i><a href="Dom%C3%A4ne_(Biologie)" title="Domäne (Biologie)">Domäne</a>:</i>
</td>
<td><a href="Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">Eukaryoten</a> (Eukaryota)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>ohne Rang:</i>
</td>
<td><a href="Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>ohne Rang:</i>
</td>
<td><a href="Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>ohne Rang:</i>
</td>
<td><a href="Holozoa" title="Holozoa">Holozoa</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>ohne Rang:</i>
</td>
<td>Teretosporea
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>ohne Rang:</i>
</td>
<td>Ichthyosporea
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Nomenklatur_(Biologie)" title="Nomenklatur (Biologie)">Wissenschaftlicher Name</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td class="taxo-name">Ichthyosporea
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="Person"><a href="Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Cavalier-Smith</a>, 1998
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Die <b>Ichthyosporea</b> oder <b>Mesomycetozoea</b> sind ein <a href="Taxon" title="Taxon">Taxon</a> einzelliger Lebewesen innerhalb der <a href="Holozoa" title="Holozoa">Holozoa</a>. Sie leben häufig parasitär an Wasserlebewesen.
</p><p>Wegen ihrer <a href="Phylogenetisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetisch">phylogenetischen</a> Stellung im Stammbaum von <a href="Tiere" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiere">Tieren</a> und <a href="Pilze" title="Pilze">Pilzen</a> kommt ihnen in der <a href="Evolutionsbiologie" title="Evolutionsbiologie">Evolutionsbiologie</a> eine besondere Bedeutung zu.<sup id="cite_ref-Shabardina2024_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shabardina2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Merkmale">Merkmale</h2></div>
<p>Die einzelligen Ichthyosporea zeichnen sich morphologisch durch Zellen aus, die, wenn überhaupt, nur ein einzelnes <a href="Cilium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilium">Cilium</a> besitzen, manche Arten haben nur länglich <a href="Am%C3%B6be" title="Amöbe">amöboide</a> Gestalt. Meist sind die <a href="Cristae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristae">Cristae</a> flach, einige Arten haben jedoch röhrenförmige Cristae.<sup id="cite_ref-adl2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adl2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lebensweise">Lebensweise</h2></div>
<p>Viele Arten leben parasitär, bsp. als Parasiten von Fischen, Krebstieren, Insekten und anderen.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergey_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergey-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So sind Arten von <i>Dermocystidium</i> Parasiten auf der Haut oder in Kiemen von verschiedenen <a href="Fische" title="Fische">Fischen</a>, <a href="Froschlurche" title="Froschlurche">Fröschen</a> und <a href="Molch" title="Molch">Molchen</a>. <i>Psorospermium haeckeli</i> kommt in <a href="Flusskrebse" title="Flusskrebse">Flusskrebsen</a> vor. <i><a href="Ichthyophonus_hoferi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyophonus hoferi">Ichthyophonus hoferi</a></i> kann starkes und wirtschaftlich bedeutendes Fischsterben verursachen. Einige Arten (z. B. <i>Sphaeroforma</i>) leben frei schwimmend und nutzen tote organische Substanz (Debris) als Nahrung.<sup id="cite_ref-adl2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adl2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systematik">Systematik</h2></div>
<p>Die Gruppe wurde 1998 durch <a href="Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Thomas Cavalier-Smith</a> erstbeschrieben, ein häufiges Synonym ist Mesomycetozoea. Der Name Ichthyosporea bezieht sich auf die häufigen Fischparasiten in dieser Gruppe (griechisch Ichthyo, Fisch). Die Gruppe enthält zahlreiche monotypische Gattungen, derzeit werden folgende Taxa in die Gruppe gestellt:<sup id="cite_ref-adl2012_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adl2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Rhinosporidaceae
<ul><li><i>Amphibiocystidium</i></li>
<li><i>Amphibiothecum</i></li>
<li><i>Dermocystidium</i></li>
<li><i>Rhinosporidium</i></li>
<li><i>Sphaerothecum</i></li>
<li><i><a href="Chromosphaera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosphaera">Chromosphaera</a></i> (neu, zu Dermocystida)</li></ul></li>
<li>Ichthyophonae
<ul><li><i>Abeoforma</i></li>
<li><i><a href="Amoebidium" title="Amoebidium">Amoebidium</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Sarre2024_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarre2024-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Anurofeca</i></li>
<li><i>Astreptonema</i></li>
<li><i>Caullerya</i></li>
<li><i><a href="Creolimax" class="mw-redirect" title="Creolimax">Creolimax</a></i></li>
<li><i>Eccrinidus</i></li>
<li><i>Enterobryus</i></li>
<li><i>Enteropogon</i></li>
<li><i><a href="Ichthyophonus" title="Ichthyophonus">Ichthyophonus</a></i></li>
<li><i>Palavascia</i></li>
<li><i>Pseudoperkinsus</i></li>
<li><i>Pirum</i> – nach Sarre <i>et al.</i> (2024) Schwestergattung von <i>Abeoforma</i><sup id="cite_ref-Sarre2024_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarre2024-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Psorospermium</i></li>
<li><i>Sphaeroforma</i> mit <i><a href="Sphaeroforma_arctica" title="Sphaeroforma arctica">Sphaeroforma arctica</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Shabardina2024-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shabardina2024_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shabardina2024_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Victoria Shabardina, Jennah E. Dharamshi, Patricia S. Ara, Meritxell Antó, Fernando J. Bascón, Hiroshi Suga, Wyth Marshall, Claudio Scazzocchio, Elena Casacuberta, Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo: <i>Ichthyosporea: a window into the origin of animals.</i> In: <i>Communications Biology</i>, Band 7, Nr. 915, 29. Juli 2024; <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06608-5">10.1038/s42003-024-06608-5</a></span> (<a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-adl2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-adl2012_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-adl2012_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Sina M. Adl, Alastair G. B. Simpson, Christopher E. Lane, Julius Lukeš, David Bass, Samuel S. Bowser, Matthew W. Brown, Fabien Burki, Micah Dunthorn, Vladimir Hampl, Aaron Heiss, Mona Hoppenrath, Enrique Lara, Line le Gall, Denis H. Lynn, Hilary McManus, Edward A. D. Mitchell, Sharon E. Mozley-Stanridge, Laura W. Parfrey, Jan Pawlowski, Sonja Rueckert, Laura Shadwick, Conrad L. Schoch, Alexey Smirnov, Frederick W. Spiegel: <i>The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology</i>, Band 59, 28. September 2012, S. 429–514; <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x">10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x</a></span> (<a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bergey-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bergey_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Wilfried Westheide & Reinhard Rieger: <i>Spezielle Zoologie Teil 1: Einzeller und Wirbellose Tiere</i>, 2. Auflage, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag Heidelberg • Berlin, 2007, ISBN 3-8274-1575-6</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-adl2005-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-adl2005_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Sina M. Adl, Alastair G. B. Simpson, Mark A. Farmer, Robert A. Andersen, O. Roger Anderson, John A. Barta, Samual S. Bowser, Guy Bragerolle, Robert A. Fensome, Suzanne Fredericq, Timothy Y. James, Sergei Karpov, Paul Kugrens, John Krug, Christopher E. Lane, Louise A. Lewis, Jean Lodge, Denis H. Lynn, David G. Mann, Richard M. McCourt, Leonel Mendoza, Øjvind Moestrup, Sharon E. Mozley-Standridge, Thomas A. Nerad, Carol A. Shearer, Alexey V. Smirnov, Frederick W. Spiegel, Max F. J. R. Taylor: <i>The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists.</i> In: <i>The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology</i>, Band 52, Nr. 5, 2005; S. 399–451; <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x">10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x</a></span> (<a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hehenberger2017-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hehenberger2017_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Elisabeth Hehenberger, Denis V. Tikhonenkov, Martin Kolisko, Javier del Campo, Anton S. Esaulov, Alexander P. Mylnikov, Patrick J. Keeling: <i>Novel Predators Reshape Holozoan Phylogeny and Reveal the Presence of a Two-Component Signaling System in the Ancestor of Animals.</i> In: <i>Current Biology</i>, Band 27, Nr. 13, 10. Juli 2017, S. 2043–2050; <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006">10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28648822?dopt=Abstract">PMID 28648822</a>, Epub 22. Juni 2017 (<a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Tikhonenkov2020-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2020_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Denis V. Tikhonenkov, Elisabeth Hehenberger, Anton S. Esaulov, Olga I. Belyakova, Yuri A. Mazei, Alexander P. Mylnikov, Patrick J. Keeling: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Insights into the origin of metazoan multicellularity from predatory unicellular relatives of animals</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">BMC Biology</cite>. 18. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>39</span>, 9. April 2020, <a href="ResearchGate" class="mw-redirect" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340538125">340538125</a>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-020-0762-1">10.1186/s12915-020-0762-1</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32272915?dopt=Abstract">PMID 32272915</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147346/">PMC 7147346</a> (freier Volltext) – (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ichthyosporea&rft.atitle=Insights+into+the+origin+of+metazoan+multicellularity+from+predatory+unicellular+relatives+of+animals&rft.au=Denis+V.+Tikhonenkov%2C+Elisabeth+Hehenberger%2C+Anton+S.+Esaulov%2C+...&rft.date=2020-04-09&rft.doi=10.1186%2Fs12915-020-0762-1&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=39&rft.jtitle=BMC+Biology&rft.pmc=7147346&rft.pmid=32272915&rft.volume=18.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sarre2024-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sarre2024_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sarre2024_7-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Luke A. Sarre, Iana V. Kim, Vladimir Ovchinnikov, Marine Olivetta, Hiroshi Suga, Omaya Dudin, Arnau Sebé-Pedrós, Alex de Mendoza: <i>DNA methylation enables recurrent endogenization of giant viruses in an animal relative.</i> In: <i><a href="Science" title="Science">Science</a>Advances</i>, Band 10, Nr. 28, 12. Juli 2024; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ado6406" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1126/sciadv.ado6406">doi:10.1126/sciadv.ado6406</a> (<a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a>). Dazu:
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sci.news/genetics/ancient-giant-virus-insertions-amoebidium-appalachense-genome-13104.html">Biologists Find Ancient Giant Virus Insertions in Genome of Unicellular Parasite.</a> Auf: <a href="Sci.News" title="Sci.News">sci.news</a> vom 16. Juli 2024.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scitechdaily.com/discovery-of-ancient-giant-virus-remnants-offers-new-clues-to-the-origins-of-complex-life/">Discovery of Ancient Giant Virus Remnants Offers New Clues to the Origins of Complex Life</a>. Auf: <a href="SciTechDaily" class="mw-redirect" title="SciTechDaily">SciTechDaily</a> vom 24. Juli 2024. Quelle: <a href="Queen_Mary_University_of_London" title="Queen Mary University of London">Queen Mary University of London</a>.</li>
<li>Jess Cockerill: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencealert.com/ancient-viruses-may-have-given-our-ancestors-the-edge-to-evolve">Ancient Viruses May Have Given Our Ancestors The Edge to Evolve</a>. Auf: science<sup>alert</sup> vom 28. Juli 2024.</li></ul>
</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ichthyosporea?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Ichthyosporea</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
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